Future Design als institutionelle Verankerung zukünftiger Generationen.
Von Charlotte Siegmann und Eva Siegmann.
Ob das Raumschiff, das in Wurmlöchern die Gesetze des Raumes aufzulösen scheint, magische Maschinen oder düstere Dystopien – nur zu gerne lassen wir uns von Zukunftsvisionen in Büchern in den Bann ziehen. Auf unseren gedanklichen Zeitreisen durch die Literatur wird die Gegenwart stumm und wir tauchen ein in faszinierende Zukunftswelten, deren Bewohner*innen mit ihren Sorgen und Nöten, ihrem Glück und ihren Zielen uns so viel näher scheinen als die heutige Zeit.
Doch klappen wir das Buch zu und kehren zurück in die Gegenwart, ist der Bann so schnell vorbei, wie er angefangen hat. Denn in der Realität wird in Gesellschaft und Politik zukünftigen Menschen wesentlich weniger Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt als beim Lesen. Wenn wir viel Mitgefühl für die Sorgen fiktiver Menschen haben, warum interessieren wir uns dann so wenig für die Zukunft der echten Welt?
Sich auf die kurzfristigen und besser vorhersagbaren Effekte unserer Handlungen zu konzentrieren, hat dazu geführt, viele Jahrzehnte lang zwar vom Klimawandel zu wissen, doch nichts dagegen zu tun – und auch vielleicht heutzutage mehr zu sprechen, als wirklich anzupacken. Wenn uns das Wohlbefinden zukünftiger Generationen wirklich so mitnähme, würden wir dann nicht mehr ausgeben für den Klimaschutz? Würden wir nicht weniger Schulden machen und mehr in Forschung investieren?
Gesellschaftliche Entscheidungen können den Verlauf von Jahrhunderten maßgeblich beeinflussen. So könnte etwa ein Atomkrieg im allerschlimmsten Fall zu einem sogenannten nuklearen Winter führen, in dem aufgrund von riesigen Staubwolken die weltweite Landwirtschaft für Jahre ausfällt.1 Solch eine Katastrophe könnte die Menschheit langfristig beeinträchtigen. Auch die Covid-Pandemie wird mittelfristige Konsequenzen haben – Arbeitslosigkeit, Verschuldung und mangelnde Schulbildung. Doch weitaus schlimmere Pandemien – ermöglicht durch den leichten Zugang zu immer fortgeschrittener synthetischer Biologie – sind vorstellbar, die höhere Opferzahlen fordern und damit die Menschheit in eine so tiefe Krise stürzen, dass noch Jahrhunderte oder Jahrtausende später weitreichende Folgen spürbar sind.2
Das zeigt: Zukünftige Generationen sind daher in naher und ferner Zukunft von unseren Entscheidungen heute betroffen. Unsere Herausforderung ist, sicherzustellen, dass unser Einfluss trotz aller Unsicherheiten positiv sein wird.
Doch gleichzeitig ist es verlockend und damit beinahe allgegenwärtiger Standard, bei Entscheidungen nur an die eigene Generation zu denken. Negative Konsequenzen unserer Entscheidungen werden häufig nur schleichend sichtbar. Wenn die genauen Leidtragenden noch nicht einmal identifiziert werden können, dann ist Nichtstun besonders einfach.
Doch Alternativen sind möglich. In anderen Gesellschaften wird die Verantwortung für zukünftige Generationen ganz anders wahrgenommen. So etwa bei den Irokesen, einem Zusammenschluss von fünf Stämmen nordamerikanischer Ureinwohner*innen, die Entscheidungen nach dem Sieben-Generationen-Prinzip treffen. Das bedeutet, dass die nächsten sieben Generationen, also etwa die nächsten 200 Jahre, bei allen wichtigen Belangen berücksichtigt werden.
Basierend darauf wurde “Future Design” von einer Gruppe japanischer Forscher*innen in Kyoto am Research Institute for Future Design seit 2015 entwickelt und erforscht.3 Das Prinzip ist einfach: In politischen Entscheidungssituationen, sei es in der Stadtentwicklung, in Infrastrukturprojekten oder beim Umweltschutz wird für eine bestimmte Zeitperiode Teilnehmer*innen die Rolle der imaginären zukünftigen Generation zugewiesen. In einer gedanklichen Zeitreise werden sie Teil der Generation 2060.
Was erst mal abwegig klingt, ist es gar nicht: Die Vorstellungskraft und Umsicht, die man etwa beim Eintauchen in ein gutes Buch beweist, macht Future Design sich zunutze, um Entscheidungsprozesse sinnvoll zu verändern. Menschen können “mitleiden”, das Leiden anderer am eigenen Körper spüren – für Schopenhauer das Fundament der Moral. Doch warum funktioniert das? Primaten haben Spiegelneuronen – Nervenzellen, die bei der Betrachtung von Vorgängen das gleiche auslösen was auch ausgelöst wird, wenn man selbst den Vorgang erfährt.4
Das Wohlergehen zukünftiger Generationen ist zu wichtig, um es zu vernachlässigen. Mit Future Design können mehr Menschen ihre Vorstellungskraft in Entscheidungsprozessen dafür einzusetzen, zukunftsgerechte Lösungen zu finden.
In Japan konnte die menschliche Vorstellungskraft bereits überzeugen. Future Design führte in Entscheidungssituationen dazu, dass Teilnehmer*innen eher bereit sind, im Hier und Jetzt Kosten für die Zukunft zu tragen und öfter radikal nachhaltige Vorschläge zu machen. Ein Teil der Evidenz aus Japan stammt aus Experimenten mit Studierenden – es stellt sich daher die Frage, inwiefern sich diese auf die Gesamtbevölkerung übertragen lassen. Jedoch konnte das Prinzip auch in Versuchen bei realen politischen Prozessen in Japan große Wirkung entfalten. Dies hat infolgedessen zur permanenten Einführung des Verfahrens geführt – etwa im japanischen Finanzministerium und in der Stadt Yahaba.
Future Design ist jedoch bei Weitem nicht die einzige Möglichkeit, Gesellschaft zukunftsgerechter zu gestalten. Auch ein*e Vertreter*in für zukünftige Generationen, wie bereits in Wales und zuvor in Israel und Ungarn umgesetzt, gibt zukünftigen Generationen eine stärkere Stimme. Aktivist*innen und Forscher*innen schlagen außerdem eine verfassungsmäßige Nachhaltigkeitsprüfung oder einen eigenen parlamentarischen Ausschuss zur Vertretung zukünftiger Generationen vor, um das Problem politischer Kurzsichtigkeit zu lösen.
Im Gegensatz zu diesen anderen Vorschlägen delegiert Future Design die Verantwortlichkeit für die Zukunft nicht an eine Person, sondern belässt sie in der Hand einer diversen Gruppe. Damit wird das Problem an der gesellschaftlichen Basis gepackt und legt den Grundstein für weitere Veränderungen.
Das Wohlergehen zukünftiger Generationen ist zu wichtig, um es zu vernachlässigen. Da wir kein Allheilmittel für die politische Kurzsichtigkeit zur Hand haben, müssen wir anfangen zu experimentieren, um Wege zu finden, die die Interessen zukünftiger Menschen besser schützen. Auch Future Design, genauso wie Beauftragte für zukünftige Generationen oder andere Vorschläge, können allein nicht das gesamte Problem lösen. Doch mit Future Design können mehr Menschen ihre Vorstellungskraft in Entscheidungsprozessen dafür einzusetzen, zukunftsgerechte Lösungen zu finden.
Konkret hieße das: Kommunen können Future Design im Gemeinderat als Teil der Haushaltssatzung, in der Bürgerbeteiligung oder mit Jugendlichen umsetzen. Gemeinnützige Einrichtungen, wenn sie ihr Programm und Schwerpunkte festlegen und Landes- und Bundespolitiker*innen, indem sie der Diskussion über die Interessen zukünftiger Generationen mehr Platz im Plenarsaal einräumen, sich in der Parteisitzung, in der Aussprache im Ausschuss oder auf dem Parteitag eine Stunde Zeit nehmen, um das jeweilige Thema aus der Zukunftssicht zu betrachten. Auch Firmen könnten die Interessen zukünftiger Generationen miteinbeziehen, zum Beispiel bei der unternehmerischen Sozialverantwortung. Und natürlich können wir individuell beim Gang zur Wahlurne, im Berufsleben und im Engagement fragen, was denn eigentlich das Beste für die heutigen und zukünftigen Mitmenschen wäre.
Und du, hast du dir schon mal überlegt, wie ein gutes Leben für deine Ururenkel aussieht und wie du heute dazu beitragen kannst? Fast so spannend wie der Science-Fiction Roman.
—
1Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions (Turco et al., 1983).
2https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190121/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/
3http://www.souken.kochi-tech.ac.jp/seido/en/index.html
4The Psychology of Emotional and Cognitive Empathy | Lesley University: https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/das-soziale-gehirn-warum-wir-mitfuehlen-und-mitleiden-100.html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1643805161143985&usg=AOvVaw3cOUJ5NhA0RGTqv1EWinlg
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